Specialized ships with large hatches for dry bulk (e.g., Ore Carriers, Grain Carriers).
Specialized vessels with tanks for liquid bulk.
Loaded/unloaded via conveyor belts, cranes, pipelines, and pumps.
Short-term chartering of a ship.
Long-term agreements.
Bulk is homogeneous (uniform) and unpackaged. Break-bulk is heterogeneous, packaged (bags, crates, drums), or oversized.
Bulk cargo is not shipped in standard containers.
Transport must adhere to strict guidelines due to potential hazards (spills, shifting cargo). Regulations include the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code) for dry bulk and International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) for liquids.